In-text citations are brief references within your text that direct the reader to the full citation in the reference list. These are essential to credit sources and avoid plagiarism.
Author(s): Include the last name(s) of the author(s).
Publication Year: Always provide the year of publication.
Page Number (for direct quotes): Include the page number if quoting directly or referencing a specific part of the work. Use "p." for a single page and "pp." for a range of pages.
Parenthetical Citation
The author and year are placed in parentheses at the end of the sentence.
Narrative Citation
The author’s name is incorporated into the text, with the year in parentheses immediately following the name.
Examples:
| Author type | Narrative citation | Parenthetical citation |
| One author | Smith (2024) | (Smith, 2024) states that... |
| Two authors |
Smith and Jones (2024) Note: Use “and” for narrative citations. |
(Smith & Jones, 2024) found that... Note: Use “&” for narrative citations. |
| Three or more authors |
Smith et al. (2024) |
(Smith et al., 2024) explained... |
| Group author | World Health Organization (2024) | (World Health Organization, 2024) reports... |
| Multiple works of the same author | Smith (2021, 2024) | (Smith, 2021, 2024) discussed... |
| No date | (Smith, n.d.) | Smith (n.d.) suggests that... |